Sept. 7, 1999

1. Review Of Video: What's New About "New Chimps"?
   1. Gombe: Charlotte Uhlenbroek, Craig Stanford
   2. Tai: Christophe & Hedvige Boesch
   3. Wamba: T. Kano
   4. Kigali: Richard Wrangham
   5. The Filmmakers: Chimps have culture, Do they also have religious feelings (wonder and awe?)
2. Chimps and humans, the hunting apes: implications
   1. Comparisons: gorillas, bonobo, orangutans
   2. More comparisons: human hunters and gatherers.
   3. Sexual division of labor in chimps and humans.
3. Conclusions: Apes Have Culture, So What?
   1. Answer: That's what human culture is built upon.

Sept. 9, 1999,

Natural Constraints for Time Periods

Periods of the Organism and Human Cultural Time Scales:

• 1/10th of a second.
• 3-6 seconds
• 90-120 seconds
• 5-10 minutes
• 2-4 hours
• Day cycle of daylight hours
• Night cycle of darkness
• 3-day cycle
• 4 to 6 day cycle
• 7-day cycle
• 28-30 days
• The solar year and its seasons
• An entire year
• 6-10 years
• 20-30 year
• Lifetime cycle
• Cultural cycles: 200-1,200 years
• The time scale of our species

See the Human Family Tree: Figure 4.4, p. 84. Gap between Australopithecus and Homo

Bands: the expanding phase of human experience, 200,000 to 50,000 yrs. ago, 50,000 to 15,000 years ago.

Tribal communities: The densifying phase of human experience, 15,000 years ago to 8,000 (Old World) to 4,000 years ago (New World)

Traditional civilizations: Human communities "solidify" or "crystallize" into cities and villages.