I.       Introduction. 

1      Concepts.

2      Spacecraft sensors cost.

2.1      Introduction to cost estimating. 

2.2      Cost data. 

2.3      Cost Estimating Methodologies.

2.4      CER.

2.5      Insurance cost.

3      Spacecraft sensors tradeoff.

4      Spacecraft environment.

4.1      Vacuum.

4.2      Neutral Environment Effects.

4.3      Plasma Environment Effects.

4.4      Radiation Environment Effects.

4.5      Contamination.

4.6      Synergistic effects.

4.7      Space Junk.

5     Standards.

6     Packaging.

7     Interface and integration.

7.1      Mil-Std 1553 interface.

7.2      Proximity issues.

7.3      Integration.

8     Testing.

8.1      Functional testing.

8.2      Thermal testing.

8.3      Corona-arcing.

8.4      EMI / EMC.

8.5      Vibration testing.

8.6      Balancing.

8.7      Mission Simulation Tests.

9     Sensors on orbit.

9.1       Reference frame.

9.2       Coordinate transfer in 3-D Space.

9.3       Conic trajectories.

9.4       Attitude of a spacecraft.

10   References.

II.     Sensors and Signals.

1     Sensor Characteristics.

1.1       Accuracy and Precision.

1.2       Hysteresis.

1.3       Calibration.

1.4       Transfer function.

2     Types of Signals.

2.1       Signal properties.

2.2       Periodic.

2.3       Representing Signals as Impulses.

2.4       Random signals.

3     Transforming a signal.

3.1      Analog to Digital Converter.

3.2      Digital to Analog Converters.

3.3      A to D and D to A converter errors.

3.4      Modulation.

4     Data Analysis.

4.1      Uncertainty Analysis and Propagation of Error.

4.2      Regression Analysis.

4.3      Least square.

4.4      Fourier analysis.

5     References.

III.      Noise and filtering in spacecraft sensors.

1     Internal noise.

1.1      Thermal noise.

1.2      Thermal emf.

1.3      Parameter Noise.

1.4      Dark Current.

1.5      Shot Noise.

1.6      Excess noise or 1/f  Noise.

1.7      Dielectric Absorption.

2     External noise.

2.1      Clutter noise.

2.2      Jamming.

2.3      Radio Frequency Coupling.

2.4      Electromagnetic Field Coupling.

2.5      Inductive Coupling.

3     Signal to noise ratio.

4     Filter Types.

4.1      Low-pass filter.

4.2      High-pass filter.

4.3      Band-pass filter.

5     Digital filtering.

5.1      Window design.

5.2      FIR Filter Design Example.

5.3      IIR filter design.

6     Microwave filters.

7     Optical filters.

8     Digital image filtering.

9     Kalman filter.

9.1      State-space representation.

9.2      Discrete Kalman filter.

10    Reference.

IV.        Infrared sensors.

1       Electromagnetic wave.

1.1      Electromagnetic spectrum.

1.2      Maxwell’s Equations.

1.3      Wave equation.

1.4      Solution to Maxwell’s equations.

1.5      Phase and group velocity.

1.6      Polarization.

1.7      Radiance.

1.8      Irradiance.

1.9      Interference.

1.10    Diffraction.

1.11    Blackbody radiation.

2     Interaction with matter.

2.1       Atmospheric absorption.

2.2       Reflectance.

2.3       Scattering.

3     Optics.

3.1       Refraction / reflection.

3.2       Concave mirror.

3.3       Lenses.

3.4       Lens combination.

3.5       Aberrations.

3.6       Optical Resolution.

4     Scanning mechanisms.

4.1       Linear Array: Pushbroom.

4.2       Whiskbroom.

4.3       Scanner parameters.

5     Optical Detectors.

5.1       Semiconductors.

5.2       Photoelectric effect.

5.3       Performance Criteria for Detectors.

5.4       Detector readout.

5.5       InSb photodiode.

5.6       HgCdTe photodiode.

5.7       Thermal control.

6     Landsat 7: ETM+

7     ASTER.

7.1      ASTER: TIR.

7.2      ASTER: SWIR.

7.3      ASTER: VNIR.

8     GOES.

8.1      GOES-I Imager.

8.2      GOES-I/M SOUNDER.

9     DSP and SBIRS.

10   References.

V.          Passive Microwave Sensors.

1     Antenna.

1.1       Vector Potential.

1.2       Infinitesimal antenna.

1.3       Antenna Radiation Pattern.

1.4       Directivity and gain.

1.5       Antenna Polarization.

1.6       Waveguides.

1.7       Antenna Types.

2     Phased arrays.

2.1       Simple array of two antennas.

2.2       Linear antenna Array.

2.3       2-D antenna array.

2.4       Beam Steering.

3     Radiometers.

3.1       Power-temperature correspondence for antennas.

3.2       Remote temperature measurement using radiometry.

3.3       Dicke Radiometer.

3.4       Radiometric sensitivity.

4     Aqua: AMSR-E.

5     SeaSat: SMMR.

6     Enviesat: MWR.

7     References.

VI.          Spacebased Radar Sensors.

1     Radar Introduction.

1.1         Overview.

1.2         Frequency bands.

1.3         Radar equation.

1.4         The Radar Range Equation.

1.5         Radar cross section RCS.

1.6         False alarm.

1.7         Doppler radars and the Doppler effect.

1.8         Resolution.

1.9         RF power amplifiers.

2     Radar imaging.

3     Altimetry.

4     Envisat: RA-2.

5     Synthetic Aperture Radar.

6     Envisat: ASAR.

7       Interferometric SAR.

8     Ground penetrating radar GPR.

8.1          MARSIS.

9     References.

VII.        GPS.

1     GPS overview.

2     Concept.

3     GPS signal.

3.1          Structure.

3.2          GPS data.

4     GPS receiver.

5     GPS signal processing.

5.1          Code phase technique.

5.2          Carrier phase method.

5.3          GPS Error Sources.

5.4          GPS clock.

6     GPS coverage.

7     GPS for atmospheric measurements, CHAMP.

8     Docking / Rendezvous.

9     Attitude determination.

10   AMSAT-OSCAR 40 (AO-40).

11   References.